2.270 Bindi et al. (2007)

• Ground-motion models are:

  where Y is in m∕s2, a = -1.4580, b = 0.4982, c = -2.3639, d = 0.1901, s₂ = 0.4683, σ_eve = 0.0683 (inter-event), σ_sta = 0.0694 (inter-station) and σ_rec = 0.2949 (record-to-record) for horizontal PGA; and a = -1.3327, b = 0.4610, c = -2.4148, d = 0.1749, s₂ = 0.3094, σ_eve = 0.1212 (inter-event), σ_sta = 0.1217 (inter-station) and σ_rec = 0.2656 (record-to-record) for vertical PGA.

  

  where Y is in m∕s2, a = -2.0924, b = 0.5880, c = -1.9887, d = 0.1306, h = 3.8653, s₂ = 0.4623, σ_eve = 0.0670 (inter-event), σ_sta = 0.0681 (inter-station) and σ_rec = 0.2839 (record-to-record) for horizontal PGA; and a = -1.8883, b = 0.5358, c = -2.0869, d = 0.1247, h = 4.8954, s₂ = 0.3046, σ_eve = 0.1196 (inter-event), σ_sta = 0.0696 (inter-station) and σ_rec = 0.2762 (record-to-record). Coefficients not reported in article but in electronic supplement.

• Use two site categories:

  s₁

  Rock. Maximum amplification less than 2.5 (for accelerometric stations) or than 4.5 (for geophone stations). Amplification thresholds defined after some trials.

  s₂

  Soil. Maximum amplification greater than thresholds defined above.

  Classify stations using generalized inversion technique.

• Focal depths between 5 and 15km.
• Use aftershocks from the 1999 Kocaeli (M_w7.4) earthquake.
• Use data from 31 1Hz 24-bit geophones and 23 12-bit and 16-bit accelerometers. Records corrected for instrument response and bandpass filtered (fourth order Butterworth) with cut-offs 0.5 and 25Hz for M_L ≤ 4.5 and 0.1 and 25Hz for M_L > 4.5. Find filters affect PGA by maximum 10%.
• Only 13 earthquakes have M_L < 1.0. Most data between have 1.5 < M_L < 5 and from 10 ≤ d_e ≤ 140km.
• Geophone records from free-field stations and accelerometric data from ground floors of small buildings.
• Use r_hypo and r_epi since no evidence for surface ruptures from Turkey earthquakes with M_L < 6 and no systematic studies on the locations of the rupture planes for events used.
• Since most earthquakes are strike-slip do not include style-of-faulting factor.
• Find differences in inter-event σ when using M_L or M_w, which relate to frequency band used to compute M_L (about 1–10Hz) compared to M_w (low frequencies), but find similar intra-event σs using the two different magnitudes, which expected since this σ not source-related.
• Investigate influence of stress drop on inter-event σ for horizontal PGA relations using r_epi and M_L or M_w. Find inter-event errors range from negative (low stress drop) to positive (high stress drop) depending on stress drop.
• Regress twice: firstly not considering site classification and secondly considering. Find site classification significantly reduces inter-station errors for velometric stations but inter-station errors for accelerometric stations less affected.